Question 1

The current state of knowledge regarding genetics and life experience effects on brain structure and function concludes that most psychological disorders are

Accepted Answer

A)  the result of a complex interaction of genetics and faulty neurotransmitter circuits.
B)  the result of stressful early life experiences and the negative effects such experiences have on brain structure or function.
C)  the result of both biological and psychosocial factors.
D)  beyond our current ability to understand in any meaningful way.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 2

Learned helplessness is demonstrated in laboratory animals by

Accepted Answer

A)  creating aversive stimuli (such as electrical shocks to the foot)  that the animal can control.
B)  creating aversive stimuli (such as electrical shocks to the foot)  that the animal cannot control.
C)  creating pleasant stimuli (such as a food pellet)  that the animal cannot control.
D)  creating pleasant stimuli (such as a food pellet)  that the animal can control.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 3

Cognitive-behavior therapy facilitates changes in thinking patterns in the cortex, which in turn affects the emotional brain in the lower brain. This is called

Accepted Answer

A)  confabulation.
B)  consolidation.
C)  top-down processing.
D)  bottom-up processing.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 4

Research with the elderly has found that depression is more likely in those individuals who

Accepted Answer

A)  had poorer physical health.
B)  live in group settings.
C)  have fewer social contacts.
D)  carried a lot of healthcare related debt.E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

Describe the concept of equifinality. What does this concept say regarding the causes of psychopathology?

Accepted Answer

Sample Answer: Equifinality indicates th...

Question 6

Your uncle has been diagnosed with social phobia, and you believe that it is entirely due to lack of socialization during his teen years. Your theory or model of what caused his phobia is

Accepted Answer

A)  multidimensional.
B)  integrative.
C)  one-dimensional.
D)  biological.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 7

Recent evidence regarding genetic influence on most psychological disorders has shown that

Accepted Answer

A)  single culprit genes are usually responsible for psychological disorders.
B)  genes that influence psychopathology are usually recessive.
C)  there is no evidence that genes influence psychopathology.
D)  multiple genes interact, with each gene contributing a small effect.E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Glia cells play active roles in neural activity. .
B)  There are less glia cells than there are neurons.
C)  There is one type of glia cells and they perform no identified specific function.
D)  None of these are correctE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 9

Children whose parents had _____________ and who were adopted away as babies showed a tendency to develop psychiatric disorders only if they were adopted into dysfunctional families.

Accepted Answer

A)  bipolar disorder
B)  schizophrenia
C)  obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)  depressionE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 10

Most psychological disorders appear to be influenced by many individual genes rather than caused by one single gene, a type of influence referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  systemic.
B)  polygenic.
C)  unigenic.
D)  morphogenic.E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 11

The neurotransmitter associated with the inhibition of anxiety is

Accepted Answer

A)  norepinephrine.
B)  dopamine.
C)  serotonin.
D)  GABA.E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 12

Describe learned helplessness. How is it developed in laboratory animals, and how does it help us to understand human depression?

Accepted Answer

Sample Answer: Martin Seligman described...

Question 13

Epigenetics refers to the process of cellular material influencing traits by

Accepted Answer

A)  Creating mutations in the genome.
B)  Inheriting mutations from an individual's parents.
C)  Activating the endocrine system when an individual encounters stressful events.
D)  Turning on or off genes from outside of the genome itself.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 14

Drugs that decrease the activity of a neurotransmitter are called

Accepted Answer

A)  agonists.
B)  blockers.
C)  reuptake inhibitors.
D)  antagonists.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 15

In an experiment by Kolb, Gibb, and Gorny (2003) , animals of varying ages were placed in complex environments. Their findings suggest that

Accepted Answer

A)  the impact of the environment on the brain is different at varying stages of life.
B)  the impact of the environment on the brain is significant but uniform throughout the lifespan.
C)  environments that are beneficial to the aged may be harmful to the young.
D)  the environment has little effect on the brain throughout the lifespan.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 16

The model that describes the development of psychopathology as a combination of an inherited predisposition and the events that have occurred in the individual's life is the ________ model.

Accepted Answer

A)  diathesis-stress
B)  genetic
C)  bio-behavioral
D)  psychoanalyticE) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 17

It is important to understand the process of how learned helplessness is created in laboratory animals because learned helplessness in animals resembles the human disorder of

Accepted Answer

A)  panic disorder.
B)  depression.
C)  mania.
D)  schizophrenia.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 18

GABA, dopamine, and norepinephrine are all examples of

Accepted Answer

A)  electrical brain waves.
B)  Types of neurons.
C)  neurotransmitters.
D)  areas of the brain.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 19

Drugs often seem to work in a _________ manner, enacting changes in the lower brain first and reaching higher areas of the cortex last. This is called

Accepted Answer

A)  consolidating.
B)  stepwise.
C)  top-down.
D)  bottom-up.E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 20

The central nervous system is made up of the

Accepted Answer

A)  brain and spinal cord.
B)  brain only.
C)  spinal cord only.
D)  nerves leading to and from the brain.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Exam 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

Epigenetics refers to the process of cellular material influencing traits by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe learned helplessness. How is it developed in laboratory animals, and how does it help us to understand human depression?

Correct AnswerverifiedSample Answer: Martin Seligman described...View AnswerShow Answer

Children whose parents had _____________ and who were adopted away as babies showed a tendency to develop psychiatric disorders only if they were adopted into dysfunctional families.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe the concept of equifinality. What does this concept say regarding the causes of psychopathology?

Correct AnswerverifiedSample Answer: Equifinality indicates th...View AnswerShow Answer

Cognitive-behavior therapy facilitates changes in thinking patterns in the cortex, which in turn affects the emotional brain in the lower brain. This is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The current state of knowledge regarding genetics and life experience effects on brain structure and function concludes that most psychological disorders are

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Learned helplessness is demonstrated in laboratory animals by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research with the elderly has found that depression is more likely in those individuals who

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Recent evidence regarding genetic influence on most psychological disorders has shown that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The neurotransmitter associated with the inhibition of anxiety is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most psychological disorders appear to be influenced by many individual genes rather than caused by one single gene, a type of influence referred to as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In an experiment by Kolb, Gibb, and Gorny (2003) , animals of varying ages were placed in complex environments. Their findings suggest that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The model that describes the development of psychopathology as a combination of an inherited predisposition and the events that have occurred in the individual's life is the ________ model.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Drugs that decrease the activity of a neurotransmitter are called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

It is important to understand the process of how learned helplessness is created in laboratory animals because learned helplessness in animals resembles the human disorder of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The central nervous system is made up of the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Drugs often seem to work in a _________ manner, enacting changes in the lower brain first and reaching higher areas of the cortex last. This is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

GABA, dopamine, and norepinephrine are all examples of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Your uncle has been diagnosed with social phobia, and you believe that it is entirely due to lack of socialization during his teen years. Your theory or model of what caused his phobia is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Sample Answer: Martin Seligman described...
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Sample Answer: Equifinality indicates th...
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